2.
   2023
/  
 
( )
: 3     :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. ()          
()         
2 (a)        
()      
-
3. ()         ,  
()    '    
4.    :
(a)    
2.
()   
-
5.       Windows NT    

6.           15   
?
-
7.        ?
8.   '   :
()  
()   
2.
   2023
/  
 
( )
: 3     :75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. ()          
()         
:(a)       
     ,           
                 
     ,      ,      
    
               
    '         '    
1.     (PAN)
     ,    ' PAN   ,       
    '   -   '    
2.
 :
     
          
    
        ,    
 :
   ( 10 )
   
 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :  
        , 

         
2.     (LAN)
    (LAN)          :
 



 
       -    ,  
LAN  
 
 :
  
 
   
  
:
     
 
 
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,         
    
LAN             
3.    (MAN)
       ,           
 
 LAN     WAN   
 :
    
- 
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      -  
             -     
         
4.    (WAN)
    (WAN)             

       WAN :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔
                
 
 :
      
 ,  ,       
   
 
:
2.
     
     
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  
       ,  WAN   
 
WAN  ,    
5.     (CAN)
           LAN    :

 
 
 LAN     MAN   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     , ,     
  
 
:
 
  
  
    

 


 
 
/
 -


  


  



          
 
2.
()        
         -   
         
   
 - 
  
       !
     
   ?
             
,         :
 



   
            

 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
     ?
       
 
     :
1.        
2.    
  
3.         
4.     
5.           
2.
      !
    -       
    
-
           
:   

       
:  
  
4G  5G       
 
GPS ,          
   
               
1. 
      
 
 
 

        '     
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔,    

2. 
        
     :
    
  
     
    
       '   
3.  
             
     :
  
  
 
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
4.    
UPI ,  ,  ATM    '   

        ,  
      '   
5.  
2.
           :

 
 
 
   !
     
6.   
         
       :
  
 
- 
       
7.   -  
         '   
     ,       ,   
   
         
   
    
 
  
  
     
2.
   
,    

󽆶󽆷     
󽆶󽆷   
󽆶󽆷        
󽆶󽆷 
 ,         

            
 
             WAN 
      
 
               
   ,  ,  ,       
 
-     , 
 ,    -
       
2 (a)        
()      
:(a)        
1.   ?
  -          
   ,     , 
   
 
:            
   
  
2.
:           
      
 ,             
      
2.   
- :        ,   

DSL :          
 :     

 :         (3G, 4G, 5G) 
 
3.   
             
      :
 :      ,  ,    
  
 :           


-:     -   '
  
:   ,       

 
:  ,  ,       '
  
  ,   ,    
      

()     
1.   ?
            
     ,         , 
CPU          
   :
2.
   (/  )       
CPU     ,        
 CPU       
 , CPU      '    ,    
    
2.     ?
   
      : ,   
     (    
), 
    
 
    , 
  

  -         
       CPU    ,   
  
 
3.   
 CPU : CPU      
  :         
   : , CPU,  I/O     
 
 :       
4.   
        :
1.   
2.   
3.   
          ,    
 
          ,  CPU  
   
CPU               
     -     
5.   
:           
  :          
2.
 :               
   

         
           
 ,     
      
    
  CPU    ,      
-
3. ()         ,  
()    '    
:(a)    (MIS) -   
2.
   
      ,     :
   ?
        ?
       ?
2.
        ?
 
   
     ,       
      ,             
   (MIS)    
    ?
   (MIS)          ,
  ,              
  , MIS   '      
     
     :




             
MIS  
?
     -  , , , ,     
 :

 
 

MIS               ,
       MIS  ,     '   
 :
    -    MIS    
         MIS    
        MIS    
2.
MIS  
 MIS --    
1. 
            :
 
 
 
 
 ,   ,      :
  
    
  
2. 
    ,         :

    
 
 
 :
    
       
      
         
3. 
      
:
  
 
 
2.
 
           
4. 
        
 :
    ,         
       ,         
           MIS     
 
MIS    ? (--  )
     
 1:      (, , , )     
 2:            
 3:              
 
 4:       
 5:           
 6:        ,       

   ,      
  
1.         
2.        
3.  -      
4.         
2.
5.  
   
 
MIS       
1.  -       
2.  - -      
3.  - -         

 :
   ()
   ()
   ()
MIS  
   
 
 
  
   
MIS  
 
    
 ' 
    
   ,    MIS   
()    (SDLC)
2.
        MIS        
      ? 
2.
   --          
      (SDLC)   
    ?
               

  
   :
     
     
     
    
    
      
1. 
   
  :
     
    
     
      :
       ?
  ?
    '  ?
    :
1.  
2.  
3.  
2.
   ,     '   
2.  
  :
      
       
       
        :
        ?
      ?
       ?
     
         
3.  
   ,     
   :
 
   
 
 
         
 
 :
   
   
     
4.  ()
     
2.
:
 
 
  
        
5. 
  ,       
   
 :
  
 
 
  -  :
 
 
 
  
   ,      
6. 
  ,       
       :
 
 
 
          
7. -
2.
   ,   -   
-   :
  
     
  
            
    
   
 
   
 
    
 
      
     ,     :

   
    


   (MIS)            , 
  ,          
    ,       
 
 ,      
   MIS      
            - ,  
 
  :
MIS      
           
       ,    ,      
2.
4.    :
(a)    
()   
:(a)    
1.     ?
                 
         ,      
  (      )     ( )  
 
   ""             
, ,      
2.    
        -       
    , ,   

    :
 :         
 
  :        
  :       - 
 
:           
  :           

3.    
:           
        
:            
: -        
 :     ,   , 
  
  ,          ,   
  ,   -        
2.
()    ()
1.     ?
   (TPS)          -
  ,               
   -  ,   ,   ,    
TPS   
    - ,      

2. TPS  
              
       
    :
:      -       
:       -     
:        -     
:            
:           
3. TPS  
 :  ,     
 :  
 '    
  :        

- :     
 :        
4. TPS  
:     -  
- :      ( , ATM )
:   
        
  :           
  
        '   ,  
 ,       '   
2.
              
  
 TPS   ,  ,    

  ,      -    
 :  
,   

        ,    ,
           
 
       - ,   
    ,          
 
  ,    ""        ,  
-    ""         
              ,
            
-
5.       Windows NT    

:1.     (NOS)  ?
     (NOS)           
            
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              ,
             
 "  "          
 ,              
   
     :
       
2.
        
      
      
  '    
    
     ,         


    :
  
 

  
 , Windows NT       '      
    ,     
2. Windows NT    
       : Windows NT    
Windows NT  , ,  -       
             
     
   , Windows NT         
 -     ,         , Windows NT
 -          
     '      :
 
 
      
1.  
2.
2.
     
   :
 ()

 
  

 
      '        ,
  
 
2.    (HAL)
 Windows NT      
   (HAL)       
   
 
?
-   -    HAL Windows NT   
 
     
   OS -  '  
      
2.
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔HAL   
   Windows NT -    '   

3. 
     
      ,          
   :
 
 
 
 
 
             , 
 ,     
4.  
         -    
      :
a)  
, ,          
)  
              
c)  
   
    
d) I/O 
           
2.
e)   
        
     
   Windows NT      

5.  
2.
            
    
 :
 
 
  
  , OS   
 
Windows NT      ,     
 
6.   
            
    '
  
 
    :
a)  -
 -       
2.
 :
Win32  (  )
)  
API (  )     OS      
 
c) 
    :
 
 
 
    
OS    
7.  
Windows NT NTFS (
   )      

NTFS  :
 
 

  
 
 Windows NT      
     

   
   ,  Windows NT   :
1. 
2.   (HAL)
2.
3. 
4.  
5.  
6.   
            
       ' Windows NT 
 ?
Windows NT     
:
      
     
       
      
    
  2000          


       
                
      ,        

             
  :

 


 
  
 
2.
6.           15   
?
: A: -    
1. -     ?
 -            () 
  ,    ()          
 
    :
  ,       (/)
,   ,    
   ,        
        ,       
2. -     
:  , ,        
  :    ,  
    

:            
:     ,   
   
        
:           

3. -    
 :   ()      ,   
   
 :      /    
  
 :    '         
 ()    
 :          ,  
     
4. -    
  
2.
   
   -   
       
5. 
     ,      
      
      
 :       
1.     ?
            ,    
             ,   
    
    :
       ()   
         
   
        ,   '
  ,      
2.     
 1:       (DBMS)   :
MySQL
 
 SQL 

     '      
 2:   ' DBMS    DBMS   
() '              
      
 3:   
      
    (     )
         
2.
 4:    DBMS  ,       
             :
    ,   -     
 -   ,        
 5:      () SQL ( 
)            
:         SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City='Amritsar';
          
 6: -        :
      
      
      
3.    
 :     -   
 :  ,  ,     
  :        
- :  ,     
 :  ,  ,     
4.    
  
       
     
 
     
         
5.    
  -  
   
               
     
      

2.
-         ,    
     
     ,   
          
 
-
7.        ?
:             , 
  ,    ,          
   ,          , -
                

                 
      ,        
          ,   
  
         
             
 
󷄧󼿒    ?
   (          ) 
          , , -   
                 
         '    
      ""       
 ,     ,     ,     
     ,    ,      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.    
2.
                
  ,  ,       
 ,    
    '      
             , 
        '      ,
  ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,    
        
2.       
             ,   
            
    ,          
              
 
                 
      
 ,     
  
 ,    
 
     
  '    
3.    
    ,      ,    
  '            
          
     ,    ,  
 ,            
   
 -        -  

      '       
   ,             
 
4.    
2.
       '        
?    ?         ?
   ,           
        
 ,              
,            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    :   
,   
5.    
    
  ,        ,
     ,        
     ,        -   
     
                
  ,    ,      
   
               
 
6.       
   ,        
   ,  
        
    
 ,    ,   
     
        
     
        
               - 
              
2.
7.    
                
 
    '           , 
 ,            
 ,          ,     
          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
8.      
                 
          ,  , 
             
           
            
9.     
    
        
  
       ,   - 

 ,   '    
   
    
 
 ,          
  
10.    
            
  ,       
2.
  
?

         ,    
   
 
        
 
󽇐      
      ,      
 :
  
    
   
 
 
   
            
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸
               
                ,
   ,        
 
          ,   , 
        ,     

        
  ,        ,      
- -     
        
-   ,          
     
;           
    
2.
8.   '   :
()  
()   
:()  
1. MIS    ?
MIS        MIS       
             ,  
            ,     
   
 
    
      ,  
  ,        
2.  MIS   
 :           
   
 : ,       
 :   
       
 
 :      ,   ,   
 
 :     -     
 :           
3.    
     
  
:
    ,     
 
      
 
            
 
  , MIS            ,  
 
         
()   
1.     ?
2.
                
  '        
    :   -   ,     

  ,       -      
 ()   
2.     
 :   
          
 
 :      
      
:     
 
 :            
 :             
3.     
HTTP/HTTPS:       
:       
SMTP/POP3/IMAP:         
/:      
 :       
4.     
  ,    
    ,  
 
     
   ,   ,   
 ,            
  
    
        
     
           

 
  ,    
          - 
     ,     
  

            , 
 
         
2.
            ,
     
 
  : MIS        ,     
               
  
"              
 
       ,       
 "